Analysis of mortality surveillance of residents in Minhang District of Shanghai from January to April in 2016-2020 / 上海预防医学

Objective:To characterize the mortality rate of residents in Minhang District of Shanghai from January to April in 2016-2020， and to determine the change in the epidemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 （COVID-19） in 2020. Methods:Data of mortality surveillance was collected from the death registry of Shanghai residents. Cause of death was coded and classified per the International Classification of Diseases （ICD-10）. The standardized mortality rate was calculated based on the standard population of China in 1990. The analysis was performed by Excel 2016 and SPSS 20.0. Results:From 2016 to 2020， the average crude mortality rate of residents was 281.75/100 000 from January to April in Minhang District of Shanghai， and the standardized mortality rate was 66.57/100 000. The top five causes of death in the latest five years were cardiovascular diseases， tumor， respiratory diseases， endocrine diseases， and injury and poisoning. The mortality rate was the lowest from January to April in 2020 in the past five years； furthermore， the mortality rate of respiratory system diseases has decreased significantly. Conclusion:Sex， age， place and causes of death in residents are consistent from January to April across years in Minhang District of Shanghai. However， there are minor differences in 2020， which may be attributable to the epidemic of COVID-19.

Review of economic evaluation of lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography / 上海预防医学

Objective:To analyze recent economic evaluation studies of low-dose CT screening for lung cancer in order to provide recommendations for such economic evaluation in China. Methods:A systematic search and analysis was conducted to identify articles on low-dose CT screening for lung cancer published from 2015 to 2019. Results:According to the literature inclusion criteria， 15 studies were included. Most of the studies were conducted in Europe， the United States and other developed countries. The majority adopted model simulation approaches. Low-dose CT screening was suggested to be cost-effective compared with no-screening or chest radiography for lung cancer in 13 studies. Only 2 studies showed no cost-effectiveness. Conclusion:The latest evidence of economic evaluation shows that low-dose CT screening for lung cancer is cost-effective and has a more consistent result than previous reviews. Methodologically， use of microsimulation models is increasing for better economic evaluation at the individual level. However， evidence from developing countries is still insufficient. It is necessary to conduct economic evaluation in combination with the domestic practice of lung cancer screening and localized data．

Effect of ursolic acid on cardiomyopathy of mice with diabetes and its mechanism / 中国应用生理学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the effect of ursolic acid on cardiomyopathy in mice with diabetes induced by high-fat diet combined with low dose streptozotocin, and to explore its possible mechanism.@*METHODS@#Thirty male ICR mice were randomly divided into control group (=10) and moulding group (=20), the mice in the two groups were fed with regular diet and high-fat diet respectively for 6 weeks, and then the mice in the moulding group were injected with streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) for 5 successive days to induce diabetes mellitus (DM). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured after 9 days. Mice with FBG over 11.1 mmol/L were regarded as DM. Twenty DM mice were randomly divided into model group and ursolic acid group (=10). Mice in each group were continuously administrated ursolic acid (100 mg/kg) or corresponding solvent intragastrically for 8 weeks. After that, FBG was measured, body weight (BW), heart weight and left ventricular weight were weighed in order to calculate the heart mass index (HMI) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI). Levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum and the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) in myocardial tissue were detected. HE staining was used to observe pathological changes of myocardial tissue. Immunohistochemistry was employed to determine the expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β).@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, HMI, LVMI were apparently enlarged, levels of FBG, CK, LDH in serum and MDA in myocardial tissue were extremely increased, while the activity of SOD in myocardial tissue were extraordinary decreased in diabetic group. HE staining of myocardium showed that arrangement disorder of myocardial fibers, edema and hypertrophy in myocardial cell, as well as inflammatory cell infiltration in model group. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β in myocardial tissue increased obviously in model group, the above changes inursolic acid group were significantly ameliorated.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Ursolic acid has a obvious protective effect on myocardial injury in mice with diabetes induced by high-fat diet combined with low dose streptozotocin, and its mechanism may be associated with inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation, reducing IL-1β generation and alleviating myocardial inflammatory injury.

Isolation, physicochemical properties and immunomodulating effects of polysaccharides from Sophorae Flavescentis Radix / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To investigate the physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory activities of crude polysaccharides and their fractions from Sophorae Flavescentis Radix. Methods The crude polysaccharide (SFP-100) was obtained successively by boiling Sophorae Flavescentis Radix in water, ethanol precipitating, dialyzing and freeze drying. SFP-100 was separated withDEAE-cellulose column to obtain three fractions, and these fractions were fruther separated with Sephadex G-100 column to obtain their sub-fractions. The sugar content was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method, the molecular distribution was determined with gel filtration chromatography, and the monosaccharide composition was analyzed with capillary electrophoresis after PMP derivatization. The immunobiological activities were estimated by measuring the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes as well as the IFN-secretion in mouse splenocytes and the TNF-α secretion in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Results The yield of SFP-100 from Sophorae Flavescentis Radix was 4.83％ and sugar content was 71.62％. SFP-100 was separated into three fractions SFP-100-A, SFP-100-B and SFP-100-C, whose yields were 3.5％, 25.6％ and 16.7％, and the sugar content was 85.99％, 72.09％ and 24.30％, respectively.The monosaccharide composition and their molar ratio for SFP-100-A, SFP-100-B and SFP-100-C were Ara∶Glc∶Gal=7.16∶91.02∶1.82, Xyl∶Ara∶Glc∶Rha∶Gal∶GalA=0.05∶1.00∶0.85∶0.04∶0.35∶0.43, and Xyl∶Ara∶Glc∶Rha∶Gal∶GlcA∶GalA=0.20∶1.00∶0.33∶0.36∶0.45∶0.55∶14.37, respectively. SFP-100-B was further separated into two sub-fractions SFP-100-B-a and SFP-100-B-b with Sephadex G-100, and the other two sub-fractions SFP-100-C-a and SFP-100-C-b were also obtained with the same Sephadex G-100 from SFP-100-C. SFP-100-B-a showed a main wide peak, which had the relative molecular weight 1.02×105 and monosaccharide composition Ara∶Glc∶Rha∶Gal = 1.00∶0.06∶0.02∶0.29. Meanwhile, the relative molecular weight and monosaccharide composition were 5.43×104 and Xyl∶Glc =1.00∶3.81 for the main peak of SFP-100-C-a, and 2.75×104 and Ara∶Glc∶Rha∶Gal∶GlcA∶GalA=1.00∶2.10∶0.57∶0.74∶1.09∶33.75 for the main peak of SFP-100-C-b, respectively. The crude polysaccharides SFP-100 and its fractions, SFP-100-B and SFP-100-C, as well as the sub-fractions, SFP-100-B-a, SFP-100-B-b and SFP-100-C-a, increased the proliferation of spleen cells, all in a dose-dependent manner. Further, SFP-100 could improve the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α in spleen cells, while SFP-100-B, SFP-100-C, SFP-100-B-a and SFP-100-B-b could stimulate the secretion of IFN-γ. Conclusion The crude polysaccharides of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and their fractions showed a good immunomodulatory activity, which may be related to the clinical use of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix for the anti-HBV and anti-inflammatory therapy.

Exploration on improvement of the compliance of colorectal cancer screening in Wujing community of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

To explore the model and method of improving the compliance of colorectal cancer screening , especially the fine sieve compliance of colonoscopy . [ Methods ] The colorectal cancer screening in Wujing community was led by Wujing Community Health Center .For the sake of impro-ving the compliance of screening , Wujing Community Health Center established a screening team and speci-fied a neighboring general hospital as screening partner .We also used the method of refining the screening steps , tracking the result in time , simplifying the procedures of colonoscopy test and making epidemiological analysis. [Results] From October 1,2012 to September 30,2013, a total of 7 507 people in Wujing community received colorectal cancer screening , of whom 427 (5.69%) were found to be positive in fecal occult blood testing (FOBT).And among them, 386 (90.40%) agreed to accept the colonoscopy test and finally 380 people (88.90%) finished the test.According to the results of colonoscopy test were detected 5 cancer patients (1.32%) and 84 precancerous lesion patients (22.11%).Further treatment rate for color-ectal cancer patients was 100.00%and for precancerous lesion patients 75.00%.The median duration was 4 days for preliminary screening positive subjects from preliminary screening to receiving positive notification and 10 days for refined screening .The median duration was 3 days for colorectal cancer patients from re-fined screening to completing treatment and 25 days for early colorectal cancer patients . [ Conclusion] The model and method adopted in Wujing community is helpful to improve the compliance of colorectal cancer screening .

Surveillance of adverse events following immunization in Minhang district of Shanghai from 2007 to 2010 / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in Minhang District of Shanghai from 2007 to 2010 and evaluate the safety of vaccines.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The data of AEFI cases were collected and reported by the Vaccine Adverse Events Surveillance System (VAESS). The data were classified as non-serious or serious reaction according to the symptoms and medical records.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>From 2007 to 2010, 5088 AEFI cases were reported to the surveillance system after 4.85 million doses of 24 kinds of vaccines (viral vaccines, bacterial vaccine and non-vaccine product) use. A total of 5013 non-serious AEFI were reported with a rate of 103.24/100 000 doses. Among the non-serious AEFIs, the majority were fever (3314 cases, 68.25/100 000 doses), followed by local reactions (1686 cases, 34.72/100 000 doses). A total of 75 serious AEFIs were reported, with a rate of 1.54/100 000 doses. The anaphylaxis (26 cases, 0.54/100 000 doses) accounted for the most among the serious AEFIs, followed by allergic rash (24 cases, 0.49/100 000 doses) and abscess at injection site (14 cases, 0.29/100 000 doses). The susceptibility of data on AEFI rose year by year from 2007 to 2010, and the reported rate rose from 40.48/100 000 in 2007 to 134.17/100 000 in 2010.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>To maintain the sensitivity of AEFI surveillance is key to detect rare serious adverse events. The sensitivity should be enhanced, at the same time, pediatricians should treat the AEFI with standard methods, so as to minimize the negative impacts of vaccination and to maintain the confidence among the public.</p>

Study on the detection of positive selected codons on HA1 sequence of human influenza A subtype H3N2 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To elucidate the evolution pattern of human influenza virus A H3 subtype by detecting positive selected codons in hemagglutinin gene.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All H3 sequences in NCBI GenBank and influenza sequence database were downloaded and two step cluster method was applied to divide sequences into six groups, which were corresponding to different period by turns. Fixed Effect Model was applied to detect positive selected codons in each group, and two step cluster method was then used again to summarize variation patterns of selective pressure among sites.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Positive selected codons were different in groups corresponding different periods. 50 amino acid codons had been identified as positive selected sites in at least one time span. Among them, 42 codons belonged to one of the five known antigen-combinng regions. A larger amount of sites as well as relatively higher selection pressure were identified in antibody combining regions A and B. Results showed that the 50 sites could be divided into seven different patterns. While other six patterns corresponding to positive selected codons at only one time span, the sites of the seventh pattern were under positive selection in several periods.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Positive selection codons in evolution of H3A1 strains were alternated in different time period whereas antibody combining regions A and B played more important roles in the evolution process. Other 8 identified codons out of the antibody combining regions might belong to unknown antigen regions.</p>